Comparative analysis of origin and branches of phrenic nerve in the diaphragm of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris).

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a canid widely distributed throughout South America, considered the only representative of the gender. There is a lack of information about anatomical aspects of the species, mainly regarded of nervous system anatomy. For clinical and surgical approaches of these animals, the domestic dog is adopted as anatomophysiological model. So, the aim of the present study was to analyse origin and branches of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm of crab-eating fox compared to domestic dog. Four specimens of Cerdocyon thous and four of Canis lupus familiaris were used. The phrenic nerve originated from the ventral branches of the fifth (C5), sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical spinal nerves. Phrenic nerves were distributed in the diaphragm as lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch (100%) in the crab-eating fox, and in costosternal trunk and lumbar branch (75%) and lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch (25%) in the domestic dog. In both species, the lumbar branch innervates the diaphragm pillars, the costal branch addresses all costal region, and the sternal branch distributes in the costal ventrolateral region and the sternal part of the diaphragm, to the left and to the right.

Hyperresistinemia in Obese Female Dogs With Mammary Carcinoma in Benign-Mixed Tumors and Its Correlation With Tumor Aggressiveness and Survival.

Resistin is associated with metabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders, and is also considered a prognostic marker in human oncology. Canine mammary tumors have epidemiological, clinical, biological, and genetic characteristics similar to those of women and are proposed as a comparative study model. Here, we evaluate the serum levels of resistin in female dogs with or without mammary carcinoma in mixed tumors (CBMT) and its correlation with the proliferative potential of the tumor, obesity, and survival. Eighty dogs grouped according to the presence (50) or absence (30) of CBMT, reproductive status and body condition were assessed for weight, fat percentage, and canine body mass index. The characteristic of the proliferative potential of the tumor (Ki-67) was evaluated. Ki-67 levels (p = 0.024), staging (p = 0.004), and grade (p = 0.016) influenced the survival of the female dogs. Through a multifactorial analysis, it could be seen that the parameters proliferation index (Ki-67) (p = 0.044) and staging (p = 0.036) influenced the survival of the animals. Neutered and overweight dogs from the control and CBMT groups showed hyperresistinemia. Ki-67 expression and resistin levels in dogs with CBMT were higher in overweight dogs than in dogs with normal weight (p = 0.0001). The survival rate of dogs with CBMT, obese and with high levels of resistin (8,400 µg L-1) was lower when compared to those with lower levels of resistin. These results showed an important relationship between hyperresistinemia, tumor proliferative potential and excessive body fat, suggesting that resistin levels may act as an interesting prognostic marker in patients with CBMT.

Lipid and metabolic profiles in female dogs with mammary carcinoma receiving dietary fish oil supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemias induce angiogenesis and accelerate the development and in vitro growth of breast tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the lipid and metabolic profile of female dogs with mammary carcinomas and their correlations with body condition score and degree of tumor malignancy, as well as to study the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on these animals. RESULTS: Overweight or obese dogs had more aggressive carcinomas and higher triglyceride (p = 0.0363), VLDL (p = 0.0181), albumin (p = 0.0188), globulin (p = 0.0145) and lactate (p = 0.0255) concentrations. There was no change in the lipid profile after supplementation with fish oil at any concentration. However, in relation to the metabolic profile, glucose (p = 0.0067), total protein (p = 0.0002) and globulin (p = 0.0002) concentrations were increased when 90% omega-3 fish oil was used as a dietary supplement. CONCLUSION: Obese dogs showed altered lipid and metabolic profiles and more aggressive tumors, suggesting an important relationship between dyslipidemia and tumor aggressiveness. Supplementation with fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, may alter metabolic parameters in cancer patients.

Consensus for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary tumors / Consenso para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento de tumores mamários em felinos

Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.(AU)

As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.(AU)

Selected ophthalmic and physiologic parameters in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted to retrobulbar block with lidocaine, morphine or ketamine / Avaliação de parâmetros oftálmicos e fisiológicos em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos a bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína, morfina ou cetamina

The aim of the present study was to evaluate selected ophthalmic and physiologic parameters in rabbits submitted to retrobulbar blockade with lidocaine, morphine or ketamine. Eighteen adult rabbits, seven males and eleven females, New Zealand White breed, weighing 3.9 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to perform the retrobulbar block according to the groups: LID (2% lidocaine without a vasoconstrictor - 7 mg kg-1); MOR (1% morphine - 1 mg kg-1) or KET (10% Ketamine - 5 mg kg-1). Ophthalmic and physiologic parameters were assessed, including lacrimal production using Schirmer tear test (STT), corneal touch threshold (CTT), pupillary diameter, intraocular pressure (IOP), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), rectal temperature (RT) and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) and were evaluated every 10 minutes for 70 minutes. All drugs used in the present study promoted central positioning of the eyeball for up to one minute later the retrobulbar administration in all cases. There was a significant increase of STT values in MOR and LID, when compared to baseline, while the CTT values had a significant decrease in all groups. KET kept the IOP values unaltered at the time points and there was a significant decrease of pupillary diameter in MOR. There was no significant change in PR, RR and SpO2; however, LID presented significantly lower values of SAP. MOR had increased values for RT when compared to the other two groups. The established parameters may help in ophthalmic procedures using retrobulbar nerve blocks.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo estabelecer parâmetros oftálmicos e hemodinâmicos em coelhos submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína, morfina ou cetamina. Dezoito coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, adultos, sete machos e onze fêmeas, com peso de 3,9 ± 0,7 kg foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para realização de bloqueio retrobulbar de acordo com os seguintes grupos: LID (lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstrictor ­ 7 mg/kg); MOR (morfina 1% - 1 mg/kg) ou KET (cetamina 10% ­ 5 mg/kg). Os seguintes parâmetros oftálmicos e hemodinâmicos foram avaliados: produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), limiar de sensibilidade corneana ao toque, diâmetro pupilar, pressão intraocular (PIO), frequência de pulso (FP) e respiratória (FR), saturação da oxihemoglobina (SpO2), temperatura retal (TR) e pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média (PAS, PAD e PAM). Todos os fármacos utilizados no presente estudo promoveram centralização do bulbo do olho em até um minuto após a sua administração retrobulbar em todos os casos. Houve um aumento significativo do TLS no grupo MOR e LID, quando comparados aos valores basais, enquanto o limiar de sensibilidade corneana reduziu significativamente em todos os grupos. O grupo KET manteve os valores da PIO inalterados em todos os tempos e houve uma redução significativa do diâmetro pupilar no grupo MOR. Não houve alteração significativa dos valores de FP, FR e SpO2. No entanto, o grupo LID apresentou valores significativamente menores de PAS. O grupo MOR apresentou maiores valores de TR quando comparado aos demais grupos. Os parâmetros estabelecidos no presente estudo podem servir como base para a realização de procedimentos oftálmicos que requerem o uso de bloqueio retrobulbar.

Cardiorespiratory effects of epidural anesthesia using lidocaine with morphine or dexmedetomidine in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) undergoing bilateral tubal ligation surgery, anesthetized with isoflurane.

BACKGROUND: Epidural anesthesia is indicated to decrease other anesthetic requirements, prolong analgesia, and reduce side effects. In primates, its use has been scarcely described. The aim was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and dexmedetomidine (DEX) or morphine (MOR). METHODS: Ten female capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) received epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and DEX or MOR under general anesthesia. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in heart rate with DEX and in blood pressure in all groups, with no changes in SpO2 . There was a significant reduction in rectal temperature over time. A stable cardiac rhythm was observed; however, there was a prolonged QT interval with DEX. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural anesthesia with access to the lumbosacral space was safe and easy to perform. DEX decreased heart rate. All groups promoted a decrease in rectal temperature with respiratory and cardiac rhythm stability; however, hypotension should be considered.

Detecção de aglomerados espaciais de casos de neoplasia mamária em cães no município de Salvador, Bahia / Detection of spatial clusters for breast cancer in canines in the city of Salvador, Bahia

Os tumores mamários espontâneos representam a neoplasia mais frequente em fêmeas caninas, correspondendo aproximadamente a 50 por cento de todas as neoplasias. A maioria dos estudos científicos restringe-se a dados pontuais sobre a doença, sem a preocupação com sua distribuição geográfica ou mesmo com a possibilidade da geração de agregados desses eventos em uma determinada área. Levando-se em consideração a lacuna de informações na literatura, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a criação de mapas temáticos da distribuição espacial das neoplasias mamárias em cadelas e a identificação de aglomerados de risco para a doença no município de Salvador, Bahia. Pela análise espacial de varredura, verificou-se que os casos de neoplasia mamária não estão homogeneamente distribuídos no município. Foi detectado um aglomerado primário estatisticamente significante (P<0,001), abrangendo 67,3 por cento dos casos estudados. Espera-se que estes resultados contribuam principalmente na elaboração de novos estudos, nos quais devem ser analisadas variáveis de caráter intrínseco e extrínseco ao animal para a identificação dos fatores de risco e elaboração de planos educacionais direcionados à promoção da saúde animal.

Spontaneous mammary tumors represent the most frequent type of cancer in canines, accounting for approximately 50 percent of all neoplasms. The majority of scientific papers cited in the literature are limited to non refined epidemiological data, without mentioning the trend of this disease in generating clusters in a given geographical area. In this context, this research aimed to create thematic maps of spatial distribution of mammary neoplasms in bitches and to identify disease clusters for the city of Salvador, Bahia. Trough the spatial analysis scanning, it was found that cases of breast cancer is not evenly distributed in the municipality. A significant primary cluster was detected (P>0,001) covering 67.3 percent of the studied cases. Considering the gap in literature available in this field, it is believed that such results will become very important, especially in leading to new studies, where intrinsic and extrinsic variables regarding the animal must be taken into consideration and analyzed for factors risk identification to formulate educational plans targeting the promotion of animal welfare.

Ectopia ureteral em cães: relato de dois casos / Ectopia uretral en perros: relato de dos casos / Urethral ectopia in dogs: report of two cases

O presente trabalho descreve dois casos distintos de ectopia ureteral em cães atendidos no Hospital de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Bahia. O primeiro relata a presença de ureter ectópico intramural unilateral direito em uma cadela da raça poodle, de aproximadamente um ano de idade, que apresentava como sequela a hidronefrose e hidroureter, sendo necessária a ureteronefrectomia direita para resolução do caso. O segundo caso refere-se à presença de ureter ectópico extramural bilateral em uma cadela da raça Husky Siberiano, de seis anos de idade, cujo prognóstico foi desfavorável em virtude de alterações irreversíveis em todo trato urinário. Em ambos os casos, evidenciou-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce para evitar o desencadeamento de sequelas e garantir a resolução do problema.

This study describes two distinct cases of urethral ectopia in dogs examined at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. The first one reports the presence of a right unilateral intramural ectopic ureter in a one-year-old female Poodle that had hydro nephrosis and hydro ureter and that needed right ureter nephrectomy to solve the problem The second case is the presence of a bilateral extramural ectopic ureter in a six-year-old female Siberian Husky whose prognostic was unfavorable due to irreversible alterations throughout the urinary tract. In both cases, it was evident how important an early diagnostic is to avoid sequelae and ensure the problem solution.

Este estudio describe dos casos distintos de ectopia uretral en perros atendidos en el Hospital de Medicina Veterinario de la Universidad Federal de Bahía. El primer caso relata la presencia de uréter ectópico intramural unilateral derecho, en una perra de la raza poodle, de aproximadamente un año de edad, que presentaba como secuela la hidronefrosis e hidrouréter, haciéndose necesario la ureteronefrectomia derecha para resolución del caso. El segundo caso se refiere a presencia de uréter ectópico extramural bilateral en una perra de la raza Husky Siberiano, de seis años de edad, cuyo pronóstico fue desfavorable en virtud de alteraciones irreversibles en todo tracto urinario. En los dos casos, se evidenció la importancia del diagnóstico precoz para evitar el desencadenamiento de secuelas y garantizar la resolución del problema.

Colopexia e deferentopexia associadas à omentopexia no tratamento da hérnia perineal em cães: um estudo de trinta casos / Colopexy and deferentopexy associated with omentopexy in the treatment of perineal hernia in dogs: Study of thirty cases

Diversas técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido propostas para correção da hérnia perineal em cães e, independentemente do método utilizado, o risco cirúrgico relacionado ao estado clínico e à idade do animal deve ser sempre considerado. O comprometimento do trato urinário e/ou digestório é frequente, e o paciente geriátrico pode apresentar problemas múltiplos que afetam consideravelmente sua tolerância à anestesia, à cirurgia e a infecções. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o emprego da colopexia e da deferentopexia associadas à omentopexia como terapêutica cirúrgica alternativa em 30 cães idosos, comprometidos sistemicamente, portadores de hérnia perineal e anomalia retal concomitante. A análise dos casos permitiu verificar que a associação de procedimentos possibilitou a inspeção e avaliação dos órgãos abdominais, particularmente os implicados como conteúdo herniário; a restauração do formato linear do colo distal, reduzindo seu diâmetro e favorecendo o retorno à função normal; fixação eficaz e segura no reposicionamento cranial da próstata e bexiga, evitando posteriores deslocamentos caudais; e satisfatória reparação tecidual e oclusão do defeito no diafragma pélvico. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que a técnica cirúrgica proposta tem significativo valor terapêutico quando empregada em portadores de hérnia perineal e saculação retal concomitante.

Several surgical techniques have been proposed for perineal hernia correction in dogs and regardless of the used method the surgical risk related to clinical status and animal age should always be considered, since the involvement of the urinary tract and/or digestive tract is frequent and the geriatric patient can present multiple problems that significantly affect their tolerance to anesthesia, surgery and infections. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the use of colopexy and deferentopexy associated with omentopexy as surgical alternative in 30 elderly dogs, systemically compromised, which had perineal hernia and concomitant rectal anomaly. The cases analysis showed that the proposed surgical technique allowed the inspection and evaluation of abdominal organs, particularly those with hernial content involved; the distal colon linear format restoration, reducing its diameter and encouraging a normal function return, effective setting and secure cranial prostate and urinary bladder repositioning, avoiding further caudal displacement; satisfactory tissue repair and defect occlusion of the pelvic diaphragm. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed procedure has therapeutic value for dogs with perineal hernia and concomitant rectal sacculation.

Prolapso uretral em cães: relato de casos / Urethral prolapse in the male dog: cases report / Prolapso uretral en perros: relato de casos

Anomalias da uretra canina são de baixa incidência, e podem ter causas congênitas ou adquiridas. O prolapso uretral em cães é uma afecção de fisiopatologia ainda não completamente elucidada. Acomete animais machos e jovens, sendo frequentemente observada em raças braquicefálicas, e seu diagnóstico é fundamentado pela visualização da mucosa uretral protrusa. Apesar da possibilidade de redução do prolapso através de manobras cirúrgicas menos traumáticas, o tratamento mais efetivo para esta afecção é a técnica de ressecção e anastomose do prolapso uretral. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de dois casos clínicos de prolapso uretral em cães assistidos no Setor de Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais do Hospital da Universidade Federal da Bahia, e avaliar a técnica utilizada como procedimento para a resolução do prolapso. Os resultados revelaram que a referida técnica é de fácil execução e eficácia comprovada, não sendo observadas recidivas em nenhum dos dois casos estudados.

Abnormalities of the canine urethra have low incidence, and may have congenital or acquired causes. Urethral prolapse in the male dog can be described as an unknown physiopathological affection. It has been observed in males and young animals, frequently in braquicefalic breeds, and its diagnosis is based on the visualization of the prolapsed urethral mucosa. Despite the possibility of reduction by the use of less traumatic surgical techniques, the most effective treatment for this affection is the technique of resection and anastomosis of the urethral prolapse. The aim of this paper was to report the occurrence of two urethral prolapse clinical cases in dogs, from Small Animal Surgery Sector of the Veterinary Hospital (Institution), and to analyze the technique applied as a procedure to resolute the prolapse. The results revealed that the referred technique has easy execution and prove efficacy, without recurrence in both studied cases.

Anomalías de la uretra canina son de baja incidencia, y pueden tener causas congénitas o adquiridas. El prolapso uretral en perros es una afección de fisiopatología aún no completamente elucidada. Acomete animales machos y hembras, siendo frecuentemente observada en razas braquiocefálicas, y su diagnóstico se confirma por la visualización de la mucosa uretral desplazada. A pesar de la posibilidad de reducción del prolapso, a través de maniobras quirúrgicas menos traumáticas, el tratamiento más efectivo para esta afección es la técnica de resección y anastomosis del prolapso uretral. Esta investigación tuvo como objeto relatar la ocurrencia de dos casos clínicos de prolapso uretral en perros atendidos en el Sector de Cirugía de Pequeños Animales de un hospital da Universidade Federal da Bahia, y evaluar la técnica utilizada como procedimiento para la resolución del prolapso. Los resultados revelaron que la referida técnica es de fácil ejecución y de eficacia comprobada, no siendo observadas recidivas en ningún de los dos casos estudiados.